Nerve-Reflex TheoryThis theory was developed by Japanese doctors of physiology (Ishikawa and Fujita et al ) who were deeply involved in acupuncture research in 1950s. It holds that when an abnormal condition occurs in an internal organ, alterations take place in the skin and muscles related to that organ by means of the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system extending through the internal organs, skin, subcutaneous tissues and muscles, constantly transmit information about the physical condition to the spinal cord and the brain. These information impulses set up a reflex action that cause symptoms of internal organ's disorders to manifest themselves on the surface area as hyper or hyposensitivity, spasm, contraction, tightness or lumping of the muscles, discolouration, dryness or oiliness of the skin,etc. This phenomena is called "Viscera-Cutanous Refelx". At the same time, this intimate relation can exert the reverse effects too. That is, stimulation of the skin and muscles can cause dilation or contraction of the vessels to change the blood and lymph flow of the internal organs, activate the endocrine (hormone) and immune system,etc. This phase is called "Cutanous -Viscera Reflex". According to this theory, Acupuncture is defined as the most effective systematized stimulation therapy to utilize these reflexes for restoring the homeostasis of the body and acceralate the healing process.
The Gate Control Theory of PainIn the west, especially in the USA, media has popularized the amazing effect of acupuncture for pain relief, therefore, it is understandable that most scientific research has been focussed on the mechanism of acupuncture for pain relief In 1965 Drs. Melzack and Wall won scientific acclaim by proposing a theory called "Gate Control Theory of Pain", which was eventually hailed to be the best model to explain the mechanism of acupuncture for pain relief. This theory was the first serious attempt to unify the many ideas that existed about the mechanism that perceives and transmits pain through the nervous system. It holds that there are some specific nerve fibres that transmit pain to the spinal cord, while the input of other nerve fibres inhibits the transmission of pain. Both of these groups of fibres meet at an area called the "substantia gelatinous" in the spinal cord. The substantia gelatinous controls the integration of pain and pain inhibitory stimuli. If the pain input is excessive, then it is transmitted up the spinal cord to the brain to be perceived as pain. This theory proposes a balance between stimulation of the pain fibres and inhibition of that stimulus, so that pain is perceived only if the pain input overrides the inhibition of pain. The problem with this theory is that it does not explain the full spectrum of the effects of acupuncture. Acupuncture excites the pain inhibitory nerve fibres for a short period of time, thereby blocking pain, but the effects of acupuncture can last much longer than that, quite often for some months after the acupuncture needle has been removed, and nothing in the Gate Control Theory really explains this prolonged effect. The mechanism of pain perception and transmission has not been clearly and completely defined, and in the light of the current state of knowledge about the basic mechanism of pain, it is a little unreasonable to expect an explanation of the effects of acupuncture on pain.
EndorphinThe worsening problem of drug addiction in the West has provided a great impetus for research into the mechanism of morphine action and addiction. (Morphine, heroin and opium are all related chemicals, collectively called opiates.) Morphine-like substances have recently been discovered in the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord). These substances are called endorphin, or naturally-occurring morphine,, and they have been found to be very effective in blocking pain. It is also verified that acupuncture stimulation can trigger the release of endorphin into the central nervous system, and the effects of acupuncture anaesthesia can be reversed by the use of anti-morphine drugs. However, recent research shows that not all types of acupuncture anaesthesia can be blocked by anti-morphine. e.g. If a patient has a painful arthritic knee, and acupuncture provides relief for the knee pain, then anti-morphine do not usually block the effects of this type of acupuncture therapy. The effects of acupuncture can be very swift (in terms of seconds) and it seems that the release of chemicals might possibly be too slow a process to have such a swift action. The endorphin theory again only deals with pain and makes little attempt to explain the use and effects of acupuncture in non-painful diseases.
Implicit Order of "X-Signal System"This is one of the latest theories proposed by Dr. Yoshio Manaka (1911-1989), an internationally renowned MD (surgeon & acupuncturist) who had made great contribution in both clinical applications and research of Japanese acupuncture for almost 40 years. This theory holds that acupuncture works not only on physiological systems of the body but also would work on bio-informational system or "X-Signal System" with a primary regulatory function; primarily hemostatic functions, regulating the overall energetic condition and the overall physiological condition. This information system is essentially not anatomical (though in microscopic structures it may have some physical expression), just as the various theories of the "Qi", meridian (energy channel), yin-yang, and the five phases are not clearly anatomical. This information system can be described as being hidden or enfolded or implicit order of primitive biological properties which might arose through various stages of evolution and were then masked by the development of the more efficient automation systems such as the nervous and endocrine systems. This process of enfoldment probably involves their being absorbed into the body of information stored, for example, in the genetic information of DNA. These potential information could be unfolded only with the correct internal and external stimulus, and in that process we can see manifestations of the clinical laws of acupuncture that were classically formulated as "Qi", meridian, ying-yang, five phase, and biorythmic theories. Treatment that takes advantage of, and activate changes in this system, can produce diverse effects because potentially the whole biological system can be affected. If the function of this information system stays in the ideal condition, then the body will function optimally. Since Dr.Manaka was a remarkable figure equipped with profound, diverse knowledge and experiences of both traditional oriental medicine and modern scientific medicine, this model is very convincing and useful to explain various phenomena surrounding acupuncture. However, we still do not have scientific means to prove this model. We might have to wait until much more sophisticated high-tech machines or instruments will prove this theory in the future, like Einstein's "General Theory of Relativity" was finally confirmed many years later after its publication.
Other IdeasSome research workers, particularly in Russia, have suggested that fields of biological activity exist around all living objects, which is often described as "Kirlian phenomena". The concept of 'biofields' has little hard scientific evidence to support it, but there are people in many countries now who are suggesting that acupuncture may work through these fields. At present there are no good grounds for accepting or rejecting these theories.
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